Influence of Reference Groups Essay

When you think about reference groups, there are a number of perspectives that one has to consider. According to Hawkins (2010), a reference group is a group whose presumed perspectives or values are being used by an individual as the basis for his or her current behavior. Thus, a reference group is simply a group that an individual uses as a guide for behavior in a specific situation (p. 227). Groups may be classified according to a number of variables. Four criteria are particularly useful: membership, strength of social tie, type of contact, and attraction. Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. is a private, non-profit organization whose purpose is to provide assistance and support through established programs in local communities throughout the world. A sisterhood of more than 200,000 predominately Black college educated women, the Sorority currently has over 900 chapters located in the United States, England, Japan (Tokyo and Okinawa), Germany, the Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Bahamas and the Republic of Korea. The Sorority was founded in 1913 by 22 students at Howard University. These young women wanted to use their collective strength to promote academic excellence; to provide scholarships; to provide support to the underserved; educate and stimulate participation in the establishment of positive public policy; and to highlight issues and provide solutions for problems in their communities (Delta Sigma Theta, 2010). Delta Sigma Theta’s website is about heritage. This site speaks volumes about how these women wanted to be a part of an organization that consists of excellence. These women have a lifetime membership within the sorority. The influence that this organization has, as well as the site, is remarkable. The information on this site will allow younger women that have the desire to go to college and be a part of an organization that helps one excel, not only in school, but also in the workforce as well. This site has all the criteria of a basic reference group. The social ties that this organization has within the world are by far the best for young women that are willing to be a part of change. People that have â€Å"made it† when it comes to financial stability may feel that they are affluent in the society. There are people that have made millions and they do stand alone when it comes to affording â€Å"the better things† in life. Bentley’s website is attractive because the vehicle shows class. The influence that this vehicle has on a person’s financial status is undoubtedly the car of all cars. A Bentley is unmistakable – all it takes is a glance at the twin headlights, matrix grille or the high waistline to know one. The paradox of the car is that although it is instantly recognizable, it takes time and effort to hand-build each one. That’s the assured Bentley hallmark. A hand-built car using the finest quality natural materials takes time. Yet, while others may do things ‘meticulously’ or ‘painstakingly’, Bentley has always been about passion. In fact, our entire reputation rests on the experienced skills and passion of our people, handed down through generations. Many of our people say that they work on each Bentley as if it were going to be their car. They want to get it right. It’s no wonder that every machinist who creates a set of upholstery signs the back of it with his or her initials (Bentley, 2010). Once again Bentley’s website is about class and luxury. This site tells a story about smoothness when it comes to highway. There is nothing like being comfortable while traveling on highway or down the street to the mailbox. People that are attractive to the glitz and glamour will definitely enjoy riding either in the backseat of a spacious vehicle or driving behind the wheel. The six-time success at Le Mans has made Bentley more than a car – it has come to stand for a way of doing things: with spirit, flair, courage, instinctive intelligence and teamwork. Endurance racing has always been a way for us to test, strengthen and improve the cars.

Assesment 6 Practical Team Sport

BTEC SubsidiaryExtended Diploma In Sport QCF Level 3 Unit 8: Practical Sport (PT) Unit 22: Rules, Regulations and Officiating in Sport (R&R) Assessment 6 of 8 P1 Skills and techniques- Passing: the skill off passing is used when a player on the same team is giving the ball to another member, this is called passing and this is used to spread the play across the line of attack as the ball in tag rugby cannot be passed forward so generally the ball will be thrown sideways or backwards using the following technique.When the player feels that it is right they will look for a pass by doing this there head position will be looking to where they plan on the ball reaching and this is typically to the midriff of a player on their team so to perform this skill they will have their feet shoulder width apart so that they have balance but also they will have the ball in both hands so that they do not drop it when using the passing action which is having both hands either side of the ball bringing the ball back to create momentum and power and then bring it towards their target and releasing giving the force that is required for it to reach their team mate.Catching: This skill is when you are receiving a pass as you will have to catch the ball and to do this to make your teams play fluent and quick you must have a good technique on how to catch the ball.To have a good technique on catching the ball you must make sure your hands are clear and visible for your teammate to see that you are ready for the ball but then when the ball is heading in your direction you must make sure that your feet are shoulders width apart and that you have a solid base and you are balanced then make sure your hands are close to your chest so that if you happen to miss the ball it will rebound off your chest and will be easier to catch , before catching the ball your head and eyes must be looking at the irection of the ball so that you are ready then when successfully catching the ball look for optio n on whether to pass it on or make a run forwards. Intercepting: The skill of intercepting is used when you prevent the opposition’s team from making a pass and you catch it which then converts possession into your teams favour.The technique of this skill is identifying where the ball is going to go and getting your body position correct to quickly react and catch it before a player on their team does for example if you are about to go in for an interception you will need to keep eyes on the ball and make sure all your body is in line with the ball including your hands so that you can grasp it in mid-flight. After you have caught the ball there will usually be a gap in their defence so as soon as you catch it there will be the opportunity to run for the score zone.Blocking: This is a skill used again for preventing the opposition from retaining the ball and the technique for this is to get any body part in the way of the balls intended destination. The technique to doing this is to make your body as big as possible with the biggest surface area as possible. To do this you will need to stretch out every limb possible and direct them in the way that the ball is heading so that you can block it. Tactics: on1 defending: This is when your team is the defending team and every person on your team has a person to mark on their team and it is your job to mark them so within tag rugby you would be lined up in your defensive line opposite the person you will be marking, a good point to this is that everyone on their team will be marked however if the person you are marking gets passed you then there is very little cover to prevent them from scoring a try. on 1: This is a tactic used when there is a specifically good player on the oppositions team and it is used by 2 players marking the 1 player that is dangerous to their team and it is there job to mark and defend against this one player, an advantage of this is that it may prevent that one player from scoring how ever because two people are marking 1 player it will leave a player on the other team without someone marking them so it could expose their defence.Zonal defending: this is where the defending team do not mark a person instead they mark zones so for example within tag rugby there would be teammates marking the middle sections and wide sections off the pitch and it is their responsibility to make sure that no one gets past them in that area however this can be quite a hard tactic to implement as everyone in the team needs to be disciplined else gaps would open up in the defence leading to opportunities for the attacking team to score.Half court: This tactic is again one that you would use for defending and this is where your team will only defend half the pitch so when the other team has it in there half they will not pressure them and let them have the ball but then as soon as the ball comes into the defensive half there will be high pressure on the ball carriers and players around them to try and gain possession back and limit the amount of chances the team will get, However leaving the team with this amount of space gives them time to build up pace which could mean that the defending team may not be able to catch the attacking team. M1 Passing:

Clinical guideline for nursing care of central venous catheters in Essay

Clinical guideline for nursing care of central venous catheters in adult intensive care - Essay Example Using pulsating technique, vigorously flush the catheter while maintaining pressure at the end of the flush to avoid reflux (after flushing, continue to hold plunger of syringe while closing clamp on the catheter, then disconnect syringes. For catheters devoid clamps, as the last 0.5-1ml of fluid is flushed, withdraw the syringe) Use antiseptic on site (0.5% chlorhexidine preparation with alcohol or tincture of iodine/ 70% alcohol in case of contra-indication to chlorhexidine) (avoid topical antibiotic ointments or creams on site0 Process applies to PICCs and tunneled catheters. Unless stated by manufacturer, change weekly or when there are signs of blood, cracks, precipitate, leaks, or other defects such as when septum is no longer in contact. (Procedure conducted under aseptic conditions.) Stabilize port with one hand and remove needle with the other and maintain positive pressure while de-accessing by flushing the catheter while withdrawing needle from septum. Dispose of used

Donald Trump Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Donald Trump - Research Paper Example As such, all the people working under the leader will have different tasks in accomplishing a common goal. One of the epic leaders of this century is Donald trump. Trump insists that leaders should have control of organisations they lead. However, this is not to mean leaders should be dictatorial. As a fact, trump leads through the model of personality, which depicts five leadership traits. To begin with, trump suggests that leaders should have surgency. This is where leaders have convincing power to the people they lead. A leader should influence the understanding of the people to focus on the point of view from the leader. Similarly, the leaders should ensure the people they lead have focus on the mission, vision and objectives of the organisation. Therefore, there is a need for mutual understanding of all these aspects for success. When the people they lead have a mutual understanding of the vision, mission and objectives, they are likely to conform to the desires of the leaders ( Lussier and Achua, 2013). Consequentially, trump states that competitiveness is one of the traits that a leader should embrace. With competitiveness, the leader is able to mentor competitive workers. This in turn improves the competitiveness of the organisation. ... This leads to decisiveness in an organisation where decisions are made in the meanest time (Trump, 2005). Therefore, a leader must be in a position to influence agreement in an organisation. This is where a leader has to consider collecting ideas, feedback and thoughts from the subordinates and other workers. As such, a final decision should be substantive after collection of facts from the workers and subordinates. This will enhance decision making as all the interests of workers are considered. Similarly, there is need to enhance change, implementation and managing risks through collective decision-making. Though leaders have the authority and control of making decisions, they should consider the emphasis of the subordinates. Trump states that leaders who often agree with subordinates are better prepared to make a positive impact (Trump, 2011). This allows subordinates and other workers to work in coordination for a collective goal. However, when workers and their leaders do not ag ree, there are possibilities of flaws. This is a perfect way of instilling confusion in an organisation. As such, a quagmire will erupt in the collective goals that should be achieved. Therefore, a leader should engage all subordinates and workers in decision making to limit chances of confusion in the collective goals. Trump states that leaders should be prepared for adjustments. A leader has to be prepared for change when leading people at the work place. For example, in this era of technological advancement, a leader should be prepared to adore and embrace change. With each passing day, businesses and organisation are looking for better and effective methods of executing tasks (Lussier and Achua, 2013). Therefore, a leader that

Health Care Management HA330 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health Care Management HA330 - Essay Example Lastly, it discusses the skills needed for leaders in health organizations. In the words of Eric and Steven, Strategy is defined not as an event but as the roots of the structure of an organization (Steven G. Hillestad, 2004). In health organization, strategies which are relevant to the changing work environment are adopted. There are various strategies to choose from. These could be: In the 21st century the future of health organizations is totally dependent on how well they adapt to current changing environment. Because of the rapid growth in population the best approach to strategize health organizations is by improving their internal capabilities and personal performance. A health organization is a service based organization therefore its main strength lies in the quality of its service. The better services they offer the better reputation they command. For this it is important to improve on internal capabilities and performance levels. They should focus on the health organization’s hygiene. Providing the patients with perfect hygiene is very important. The news about infections generated due to unhygienic hospitals has always made it to headlines. Technology has taken over most health organizations today. Thus, it is highly recommended that health organizations are abreast with the latest technology . They are updated with the latest data and the latest equipments for treatment are in place. Technological procedures like MRI, CT scans and other surgeries are expensive. However these procedures should be incorporated as they produce efficient results. Survival today is not only what people look for but the quality of life they are offered along with the opportunity cost (Patrick, 1993). Along with the introduction of technology performance maintenance criteria needs to be practiced. The staff needs to get training sessions to get familiar with the machines before experiencing it on humans. Number of studies carried out in Canada

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

E-Business - Essay Example sales, which totaled at an estimated $19.8 billion for the quarter, account for 2.2 percent of total retail sales in the country, according to the report.† (Eschen, 2005) E-commerce is one of the fastest growing business segments in the world both in quantity and quality. It is easy to setup an E-business with minimum investment and labor if the entrepreneur is smart enough to identify the right opportunity provided by internet. Online business has much wider scopes than offline businesses because of the wider reach-ability of it. It is easy for a person to purchase a good from America staying in some other countries using a simple credit card. Moreover the consumer can compare the prices of the same product in various countries and thus he will able to purchase a product for the cheapest possible price. Amazon.com, Inc..., an American electronic commerce company is one of the leaders in the e-commerce business field with diversified business activities and successful marketing strategies. This paper briefly analyses E-commerce as a business strategy taking Amazon as a reference organization. Amazon.com Inc, one of the leaders in E-business, founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994 has started with the online book selling and then expanded to diversified activities like the selling of CDs, videos, DVDs, electronics, toys, tools, home furnishings and house wares, apparel, and kitchen gadgets film production etc. â€Å"Currently it employs more than 7800 employees and as per the statistics of 2002, it has reported $ 3.9 billion sales† (Amazon.com, Inc, n.d) The company did not focus on profits for the initial five years and spend much of its revenues in expansions in the initial years. This business strategy brought immense dividends to the company as per the recent statistics. Amazon has realized the potential of e-business very well and they focused on expanding the business by the initial revenues they obtained. The success of e-business lies in how long a customer

Trend article analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trend article analysis - Essay Example was used because of the advantage of being able to control other variables in the environment in order to get accurate analyses and the fact that research is conducted by experts with adequate number of subjects while controlling competing factors. The methodology addresses two important issues. The first being the manner in which the stressful events could be introduced to children in ways that were salient and personally involving and the second, was the manner in which the features could be conceptualized to make them stressful . Although there have been drawbacks in the traditional methodology of analogue research, improvisations were made in the procedure that made the observations and analyses more accurate for further empirical and statistical deductions in psychology research. A child has to put up with a number of stressful situations, whether at school from peers or at home where he has to contend with intra-parental conflicts or economical challenges. These have led to changes in the way research studies are now conducted in child psychology. According to Daniel Lees in, â€Å"An Empirical investigation of the motivational theory of coping in middle to late childhood.† dealing with problems and annoyances can potentially facilitate development; they present children and youth with opportunities to develop coping skills and strategies, strengthening their resources and confidence for dealing with future events (Losoya et al. 1998;Skinner and Zimmer-Gembeck 2007). According to Cummings 1995, various dimensions of an event can be precisely specified and presented in the same way across all participants and explicit recordings of responses on multiple dimensions (e.g. Cognitive, verbal, emotional and physiological) is possible, in fact simulations or other constructed representations of actual events; live or recorded on videotape or audio tape are presented to members to obtain their reactions, as one form of laboratory method that can assess

The historical progression of African Americans Research Paper

The historical progression of African Americans - Research Paper Example Slavery and servitude was all they had ever known. The outcome of that was many Blacks sought to recreate their lives in freedom. Some found the means to open up a business or work as a free labourer. That did not mean however, the people of Southern states accepted them as their equals. Even though many Blacks sought to live a free life and in practical aspects they did, they were also forced to deal with segregation. White people who were angry about the abolition of slavery (especially in the Southern states) declared that Black people could only enter certain shops, streets, and they had to attend their own schools. They were often detained and held for questioning by prejudiced officials even in Northern towns (Volo & Volo, 2007). Black people sought to try and live their lives with as much dignity as possible, but they faced many barriers as a direct result of emancipation. The old prejudices that ran deep in American society were not going to be erased so easily, and the practical matter of integrating Black people into American society would take well over a century. As a result, many Black people remained extremely poor. They also faced lynchings, angry mobs and outright prejudice in many aspects of their lives. The people of the Southern states felt that abolition of slavery had been forced on them, and they were not going to be forced into integration. As a result of emancipation, Black people were free. They were not equal and would not be for a long time. In the period of 1877-1920 America moved through what some historians refer to as 'The Gilded Age'. It was a period of tremendous economic growth and technological innovation. For many African Americans who had lived their entire lives on a farm or in a rural area, the push towards greater urbanization represented a new trend in their lives after emancipation. Those who continued to live on plantations and work the land were free by proclamation but not in practicality. Plantation owners continued to be very angry about emancipation. One of the key issues they faced was the loss of the protection of Union troops who withdrew from Southern states in 1877. This forced African Americans to face the new reality that many White Americans were not happy about abolition and would not be subdued so easily. In addition, there was a great deal of immigration to the US at this time which brought people of many new cultures to the US. There were many Americans who were unhappy about this as the y saw them as outsiders and not real Americans (Mjagkij & Cantu, 1999). The African Americans were often perceived of as outsiders as well. Prejudice continued to run high as many Americans felt their country was being taken away from them. African Americans often faced lynchings and other horrific acts of prejudice against them. Mjagkij and Cantu (1999) noted that even though they were free from slavery many African Americans had no place to go and many Southern plantation owners no longer wanted them. The unfortunate reality is that they remained economically dependent on Whites and the work they could give them. A major blow during this period was the passing of the Jim Crow laws which basically recognized that American society was to be a segregated

Henry Viii, the Tyrant of England Essay Example for Free

Henry Viii, the Tyrant of England Essay All throughout history, many important figures have contributed to the growth and development of the world in several aspects including the economic and political advancement of their corresponding regions. However, many of these great leaders have achieved this goal through various contrasting ideologies, as seen with the rule of Henry VIII in England during the 16th century. Henry VIII, also known as Henry Tudor, ruled between 1509 and 1547 during which he was â€Å"regarded as England’s most important monarch† (Mcenegart). While King Henry is credited to playing a vital role in the development of England, the methods by which he achieved this title can be considered questionable due to controversial actions he had taken during his rule; Henry is still criticized to this day for his dramatic reduction of the nation’s economy due to expensive warfare and expansion, and his extensive spending to ensure his place as the king (Mcenegart). I believe that King Henry is an extremely tyrannical yet effective leader in history because of his active role in the development of England and the social strife and economic conflicts he brought to the complex civilization. Biographical Information Henry Tudor existed during a crucial event in history with the secession from the Roman church, and was born in Greenwich England on June 28, 1491. As a child, Henry Tudor was a very enthusiastic student and enjoyed learning. His father, Henry VII, enrolled him to learn various languages including Latin, Spanish, French, and Italian while at the same time required him to study mathematics and music. In his leisure time, Henry Tudor enjoyed hunting numerous animals, and took part in physical competitions including wrestling and jousting in which he was regarded as being able to draw â€Å"the bow with greater strength than any man in England† (â€Å"Henry, VIII†). However, in 1502 Henry’s eldest brother died due to tuberculosis. Arthur Tudor was the rightful heir to receive the throne after his father; however Henry then became the eldest son to Henry VII and was next in succession to inheriting the throne (Mcenegart). As a result, Henry Tudor was forced by his father to marry his brother’s wife, now a widow, named Catherine of Aragon, the first of many Catherine’s he would soon marry (â€Å"Henry VIII.† Great 105). Shortly after on April 22, 1509 the ruthless yet notorious father of Henry Tudor passed away, allowing Henry Tudor, now more popularly known as Henry VIII, to receive the throne as the youngest and first uncontested Prince to ascend as the King of England (Mcenegart). Leadership Qualities Throughout the rule of the new King of England, many leadership qualities Henry possessed soon became apparent and served as a crucial example of how he was to lead the citizens of England. After the death of Henry VII, Henry Tudor claimed the throne and immediately became the next ruler, Henry VIII of England. In the early years of his rule, Henry quickly discarded his father’s trusted chief ministers, Edmond Dudley, and Richard Empson who he had executed for treason in 1510. Henry then primarily focused on foreign affairs in which he supported Spain but acquired a detested view of the French, and soon conjugated with Spain in their efforts to invade France in 1512 by distributing troops to help support the war effort; this in return lead to the victory of the Battle of the Spurs in 1513 and the acquirement of the cities Tournai and Thà ©orouanne. The War of the Holy League then concluded with the marriage between Henry’s sister Mary Tudor to Louis XII of France, comp leting the treaty between the two regions. Following this marriage, â€Å"Henry received the papally bestowed title, ‘Defender of the Faith’ as a reward for writing the Assertion of the Seven Sacraments, a criticism of Lutheran doctrine† (â€Å"Henry, VIII†). In the later years of King Henry VIII’s rule, he began to focus less on foreign affairs and gradually increased his interest in the English Reformation. In 1530 after several negotiations, Henry realized that the secession from the Roman Catholic Church would be the only way to achieve what he desired politically and socially. As a result, he created an independent church that would â€Å"declare his marriage to the guiltless Catherine null and void†, seeing that she could not produce the desired male heir that king Henry so desperately required, and one that would end his marriage without question to his authority (â€Å"Henry VIII† Great 106). Throughout his rule, King Henry found himself married to several wives including one marriage to Anne Boleyn who gave birth to Princess Elizabeth, the future Queen of England, but was still unable to give birth to the desired male heir that would take the throne following King Henry VIII’s rule. After the birth of Elizabeth, Anne Boleyn became â€Å"a shrew of a wife† and was accused of adultery and witchcraft, by Henry himself, and was executed later that year (â€Å"Henry VIII† Great 106). Following the death of Anne, Henry was soon married to Jane Seymour, who for the very first time was able to create a son that would serve as the male heir for the throne; however, Henry’s wife quickly passed away due to natural causes during childbirth. As was expected of the King, Henry accused his following three wives, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr, of adultery in which only Catherine Parr was spared (â€Å"Henry VIII, King† 442). During the complicated marriages of Henry VIII, he was also very focused on the English Reformation in which he decided to educate his son in Protestant beliefs so the future King of England would carry on his legacy. During the 1540’s however, Henry became very weak and unhealthy; as a result he wrote a will that stated if Edward was to die without any male heirs, the crown would descend to Mary and then onto Elizabeth (â€Å"Henry VIII† The Renaissance 350). Soon after the will was written, the honored yet feared King Henry passed away on January 28, 1547 (â€Å"Henry VIII, King† 443). Connection to Literature The tyrant Henry VIII is characterized as an incredibly smart individual who is manipulative in his efforts to achieve his desired goals and often caused chaos and complications where conflict may have been easily avoided. The King of England is easily comparable to Curley’s wife from the book Of Mice and Men, in the aspect that both shared very similar personalities. In this book, Curley’s wife often desired to be around other men that appreciated her and would unintentionally cause conflicts between the numerous farmhands. Early on in the book, Lennie begins to develop an interest in Curley’s wife noticing how pretty she was when they first met. Near the end of the book, Lennie and Curley’s wife are alone talking to each other while all the other men are gambling on a game of horseshoes; during this discussion, Curley’s wife mentions how soft her hair is, and as Lennie starts to feel it, she begins to become nervous and pull away. Lennie however does not let go of her hair and accidentally snaps the fragile neck of Curley’s wife. Henry VIII of England and Curley’s wife are similar in numerous ways. Both had created pandemonium among the civilians around them through poor decision making and conflicts they had created. While Curley’s wife associated herself with other farmhands causing tension between the workers; King Henry VIII had also associated himself with the wrong women in whom he decided to have killed through accusation of adultery or witchcraft. The several wives of the king were unable to produce a male heir he so desperately desired so as a result, he caused unnecessary tension by killing them in a similar way Curley’s wife was killed, through decapitation. Both Curley’s wife and Henry VIII played a vital role in the lives of others and without them, the events succeeding them would be drastically changed. Conclusion Without the existence of Henry VIII of England, the outcome of the War of the Holy League and the connection between church and state in England would still be very contrasting to this day; on the other hand, Henry’s rule was very costly towards the nation’s finances and several critical horrifying decisions he had taken while King confirmed his existence as a more tyrannical leader in history. While he did create a separate Protestant church in England and helped form valuable connections between France and Spain, several hundred men and women were accused of treason and put to death at the mercy of his word. Alongside these men and women, several of Henry’s personal friends and family members were also put to death including his father’s trusted advisors and many wives just because they were unable to give him what he wanted. Henry’s life had an astronomical impact on a very complex civilization during his time period; however many of the actions he had taken were to nourish his extensive and controlling lifestyle in which he was willing to do anything to achieve his goals (â€Å"Henry VIII† Renaissance 351).

The impact of the fast food movement Essay Example for Free

The impact of the fast food movement Essay Everything today is fast. People think fast, speak fast, walk fast, write fast and eat fast. Fast food has become such an integral part of the busy American lifestyle that there are more than 300,000 restaurants offering it throughout the United States today (Dorfman, 2001). Since everything is becoming fast in the world, the slow food movement if gradually being taken over by the fast food movement and significant factors of the slow food movement are changing because of this. Major supermarket chains and restaurants are replacing the many local stores people always shopped at, changing the prices of food, quality of service and products, as well as availability of food. The prices of foods show a significant difference between the local market prices and major supermarket chains. As Allison states, At a local market in my town, I bought a half -gallon of grape juice for $5.00 that would normally cost $2.50 at a supermarket (2002). Supermarkets and restaurants have chains so they can afford to lower their prices due to global popularity. Sales often happen at supermarkets and fast food chains as another way to keep their businesses popular and well known. These sales keep customers in their establishments and promotes the buying of other products that may not be on sale. Acquiring products in mass quantities aids in keeping prices down on the products that consumers buy. Also, with more variability in supermarkets compared to local markets, customers can choose from a variety of items, which attracts them to the bigger and well known stores. Sometimes restaurants will have promotions to attract people into their establishments such as the current win ning game at Mcdonalds. Ensuring customers keep coming back to their restaurants, ensures stability and allows food prices to stay low. The quality of service of employees and the products in a grocery store or restaurant are changing due to the increased awareness of the fast food movement. At fast food restaurants for instance, everything is quick paced and so informal that the employees think very little about taking the extra step in being polite. Dorfman states, Their involvement is at a minimum,  especially since their salaries are, but manners should be a part of everyones daily routine, no matter how little they are being paid. These workers seem to be looking for something lost on the floor whenever I place my order (2001). However, the complete opposite occurs at sit-down and very formal restaurants, including the McDonalds in Beijing. Even though McDonalds is a fast food chain, the one in Beijing is a very elegant and formal place where customers go and stay for hours. The hostesses here and at other formal restaurants are very polite and well manned. The quality of service seems to increase as salaries increase (Dorfman 2001). However, local markets tend to always be nice and friendly because they know the customers and are both producing and selling the products they have. Also, local markets tend to have less chemicals in their food compared to those at supermarkets. Everything is made fresh at our farm. No preservatives are added to our pies or breads, and our produce is thoroughly washed before it sets the stand(Allison 2002). Although less chemicals seem to be added to local markets, supermarkets have a variety of items and a lot of availability when it comes to getting certain kinds of foods. At a local market, you can pick from a couple different kinds of the same item, or you can pick from several different kinds of foods, as well as getting fruit or vegetables that may be out of season at a supermarket. Also, many major supermarkets and fast food chains are open over 12 hours a day compared to local markets that usually sell their products for 8 hours.

Systematic approach to recruitment and selection,

Systematic approach to recruitment and selection, Systematic approach to recruitment and selection, and its efficacy in attracting diverse workforce within the equal opportunities employment legal framework Introduction In modern organizations, diversity management has become synonymous with fair and equal opportunities employment, even though traditional context of equal opportunities is closely related with legal aspects of treatments of potential and current employees. Today, diversity management activities are grounded in monitoring of direct and indirect discrimination and interventions to reinforce fair treatment of women, ethnic minorities, the aged and the disabled. Therefore, the fairness paradigm has become the benchmark for managing differences and must be congruent with business objectives. This paradigm emerged from the perspectives that organizations need a diverse workforce to re-think and re-define primary tasks related to strategies including organizational objectives, goals, markets, products and resource allocations (Cornelius, Gooch and Todd in Noon and Ogbonna 2001). Diversity management is different from equal opportunities, yet it is based on the same foundation. Equal opportu nities amplify policies and practices that reflect the external legal framework and offer chances for competition. In human resource management, this is usually inherent in the practices of recruitment and selection, and at times in training and development. The basic premise is to ensure that equal opportunities should be given to people who are in competition with each other for areas of employment and selection, regardless of their age, gender, race or disability. The objective is not to elicit equal outcome. When implemented within the organizational framework that follows systematic approach to human resources management, the fine line between equal opportunities and diversity management, at times, becomes blurred. Consequently, organizations are often found striving for a balance in maintaining diverse workforce within the realms of the equal opportunity laws to achieve equality and organizational strategic objectives. Given the blurring definition of diversity and equal opportunities in employment, critics find systematic approach to recruitment and selection less appealing as strategic human resource management component. Others argue that as a critical component of HRM, recruitment and selection accommodates for both external and internal environmental change. In the ensuing discussion, the researcher shall evaluate the extent of the validity of this debate, and determine how attractive systematic approach to recruitment and selection is in acquiring diverse workforce in organizatio ns, and how successful organizations have been in integrating equal opportunities practices. Critical Evaluation of Systematic Approach to Recruitment and Selection Recruitment and selection processes are essential for strategic HRM involving and including job identification, job description, interviews, selection and orientation. It involves complex techniques and skills that assist decision-makers in selecting applicants for achieving organizational objectives, as well as personifies the organizational values, culture, behaviour and discipline. Recruitment and selection processes are based on systematic evaluation of personal and professional values, interpersonal skills, problem solving ability, attitude and behaviour of candidates, and testing them whether their attributes are congruent with the organizational values and objectives. Testing the type of employees the firm is about to hire helps determine the type of personality and how to mould them to the organizational culture. Selection decision is often based on a host of factors pertaining to job match, ability, professional qualifications, personal abilities, as well as employee's personality to match with the organization (Cornelius, Gooch and Todd in Noon and Ogbonna 2001). This traditional approach (also known as systematic approach) has evolved over the years and become refined as strategic recruitment and selection processes. Traditional approaches to recruitment and selection in earlier organizations based on psychometric models often assess applicant's performance with job fit whereas in modern organizations the systematic approach to recruitment and selection processes is strategic in nature, even though the foundation of the system has remained congruent with traditional approach (Beardwell and Holden 2003). Experts (Beardwell and Holden 2003; Thornhill et al., 2000) believe modern systematic approach to resourcing organizations has harmoniously integrated overall organizational strategies and processes rather than merely focusing on job-specific criteria. As a result, recruitment and selection processes have strategic implications, starting from how resourcing offers competitive advantage in the short run to valuing employees as organizational assets. The processes are aimed at achieving organizational objectives aligned with long-term organizational strategic vision. Components of systematic approach to recruitment, which include job analysis, job descriptions, development of competence frameworks, identification of person specifications and accountability, as well as advertisement, executive search, and Internet recruitment provide alternatives and ease to the process of recruitment for organizational resource acquisition. Alternatively, traditional approach to selection has remained somewhat similar to the preceding methods. For example, earlier recruitment processes have heavily relied on evaluation criteria, reliability on validity of candidate information, techniques of interviews and psychometric tests. Selection has also been based on matching job types with work styles through simulated evaluation tests. Today these components of selection are conducted in the same manner but often aided by the use of information technology systems and refined by integration of organizational objectives. Nevertheless, the fact remains recruitment and selection processes play critical roles in resourcing organizations and pooling of work skills. According to Beardwell and Holden (2003), HRM processes such as recruitment and selection are no longer viewed as the best-fit approach but have changed to resource-based view or best practice approach†. This makes them imperative for supporting corporate strategie s and organizational change management by acting as a lever for competitive advantage for organizations. Not only this, systematic approach to recruitment and selection has been set out to enable organizational management to establish frameworks for performance management. It is at this initial stage that managers determine roles, responsibilities, and performance outcomes to match with the most suitably skilled and motivated candidates for achieving organizational objectives. Moreover, basic principles for systematic approach to recruitment involve setting competitive framework for candidates to gauge future performance. For instance, evaluation and testing processes involve simulated tasks, psychometric tests, and validation of qualifications. It is through these simulated tests that managers gauge attitudes, behaviours, personality, and interaction with the candidates to determine job and candidate match. Selection is based on merit defined by the job specifications, individual commitment, and suitability for the positions within the company. The objectivity is to combine worker attr ibutes, skills, and abilities, and fit it within the organizational policies, procedures, and cultural frameworks, and thereby not to waste efforts and resources in conflict, power relations, subordination and normative institutional clashes in the future (Lucas 2003). In this regard, one could observe that systematic approach to recruitment, selection integrates external environmental factors like legal frameworks in policies, and procedures to ensure organizations establish a direct relationship with the candidates, job market and the legal environment. From this perspective, systematic approach to recruitment and selection processes is also said to have contributed to promoting and establishing trends for fair employment. However, critics do not have a consensus on fair distribution of representations of individuals where recruitment and selection processes are concerned. For example, Cornelius, Gooch and Todd (2001) are of the view that traditional equal-opportunity practices usually have unequal outcomes, depending on the culture of the organization, as well as the type of workforce required for the job. For example, gender and age discrimination are likely to become issues for unequal employment in industries where workers are required to be male of young age such as the logging industry. Commitment towards equal opportunity for fair representation of groups of individuals in recruitment and selection processes does not add value but rather hinders achievement of organizational objectives. Consequently, systematic approaches to recruitment and selection are not really effective in resolving strategic HRM issues pertaining to establishment of legal frameworks. Yet, one cannot deny the fact that organizations have not benefited from the systematic approach to pursue fair treatment and equal opportunities for employment. It is the essence of the systematic approach to recruitment, which takes into account of the changing environment, as well as business strategies that makes it dynamic, and thereby is effective in resolving management issues of diversity. Attraction of diverse workforce and implementation of equal opportunities employment There are many factors that are responsible for making an organization attractive for employees. Organizational reputation recognized for its fairness, culture, wage and talent pool, for example, are attraction for candidates. Similarly, job attractiveness is also dependent on the processes of recruitment and selection, and goals and ideology of the organization. In most organizations today, having a diverse workforce is no longer a luxury but a necessity and even a competitive advantage. A diverse workforce is essential in pooling skills and qualifications for achieving organizational strategic objectives in today's complex business environment (Sims 2002). Diversity, many claim, is distinguishable from equal opportunity as it serves the self-interest of organizations rather than social justice. It involves pursuance of policies that meet the demand of labour pool, and thereby gain the best qualifications from employees. It makes the economic justification for hiring individual s valuable in terms of business requirement, and labour market supply. It takes into account of the expressed need for employee satisfaction, which would lead to quality in productivity and increasing the talent pool direly required by dynamic organizations (Noon and Ogbonna 2001). Diversity is intrinsically linked with equal opportunity, according to experts (Thornley 2003). They argue that the labour market is typically characterized by competition where individuals compete for employment based on commutative justice. Free competition is prevalent and the reward for it is employment. Candidates vie for positions in organizations through display of qualifications, academic performance, ownership of skills, attitudes, and positive behaviours. Employers, on the other hand, form benchmarks for employment based on organizational requirements, policies and procedures in recruitment and selection. Employers are also mandated to follow government policy to benchmark wages, inflation and competitiveness for fair distribution of income and wealth. The government controls fair distribution of income by implementing policies of equal employment opportunities to eliminate formal and informal discrimination based on gender, age, race and disability. In the UK, this practic e is regulated by the EOC and through legal Acts often tends to constrain organizations for implementing fair employment. Despite critical objections to the efficacy and strategic nature of systematic approach to recruitment and selection, management of organizations cannot deny the fact that HRM processes have integrated diversity and equal opportunities policies and procedures to avoid adverse effects of the law. The EOC has formulated laws such as the Employment Act 1989/2002, Sex Discrimination Act, Equal Pay Act, Disability Discrimination Act 1995, Race Relations Act 1976, Employment Relations Act 1999 and the Employment Equality Regulations 2003 to curb discrimination of applicants for employment based on their gender, race, age and disability. To ensure that these laws are implemented within organizations, organizations have started to invest heavily in HRM processes congruent with the prescribed legal frameworks set by the EOC and the government. For most organizations, investment in these processes are necessary for compliance, while for others it is the long-term objective-achievement efforts as they view making their organization attractive to potential talents a strategic activity in itself. Consequently, HRM processes have been devised based on objective testing of candidates. Recruitment and selection models used for evaluating job performance, personality tests, cognitive ability tests, as well as testing of job knowledge take into account of achievement and skill proficiency. Organizations no longer depend on individual interviewer impressions to select and match candidates based on qualifications matching with job criteria. Instead, candidates are being tested for their abilities, skills and knowledge correlating with job performance regardless of their sex, age, race or disability (Hough and Oswald 2000). Furthermore, organizations are also using integrity tests and self-reports to check reliability and validity of counterproductive work behaviours. These systematic methods of recruitment and selection are based on the premise that effective recruitment leads to smooth functioning of organizations and successful recruitment and selection is based on finding the right person with the right skills, expertise and qualifications for achieving organizational objectives and contributing towards organizational values. For this purpose, a fair and consistent system of recruitment helps lessen the burden of employee conflict, turnover, absenteeism and dismissals. According to the Workforce Development Plan (2004) in the UK, for organizations to develop leadership capacity in their respective industry, they must develop skills and capacity of workforce, organizational performance management framework, pay and rewards system and, most importantly, ensure that equal opportunity and diversity practices are aligned with the entire recruitment and selection processes. The focus on abilities and aptitudes, and not stereotypes, would help lead to fair judgements about individuals based on their merits rather than their gender, age, race or disability (EOC 2006). Conclusion From the above discussion, one can conclude that the strategic nature of the systematic approach to recruitment and selection has made it the ideal tool for today's organizations to gain a competitive advantage in acquisition of skills and a diverse workforce. Strategic HRM requires that processes be in line with internal and external factors affecting organizational dynamics. For this purpose, these processes have to be flexible to accommodate change in the business environment. Two of the main factors that have been affecting modern organizations are equal employment opportunities and diversity. Self-interest for competitive advantage, as well as legal mandates have motivated organizations to invest in HRM processes and techniques to promote diversity and equal opportunities employment. These are evident in the various techniques used in recruitment and selection tests, as well as policies for hiring candidates. The practice is not isolated but rather has become the benchmark for organizations to attract a diverse workforce and remain aligned with the legal framework. Despite critics’ arguments, one could conclude that the traditional approach to recruitment and selection in today's organizations is objective in providing the required competitive advantage and strategic edge for competing in the highly dynamic business environment. References Beardwell, I. Holden, L. and Claydon (2003) Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach. Fourth Edition. FT Prentice Hall. Employers Organization for Local Government (2004) Workforce Development Planning Guidance Document – May 2004. Employers Organization for Local Government, Online accessed on 12 January 2007 from: http://www.idea-knowledge.gov.uk/idk/aio/4465769. Equal Opportunities Commission (2006) Recruiting Staff Guidance for Managers and Supervisors, May 2006. Equal Opportunities Commission. Hough, L. M. and Oswald, F. L. (2000) Personnel Selection: Looking toward the Future-Remembering the Past. Annual Review of Psychology. pp. 631. Lucas, R. E. (2003) Employment Relations in the Hospitality and Tourism Industries. Routledge: New York. pp. 84 Millmore, M. (2003) Just How Extensive is the Practice of Strategic Recruitment and Selection? Journal of Management pp. 87 Noon, M. and Ogbonna, E. (eds) (2001) Equality, Diversity and Disadvantage in Employment. Palgrave: Basingstoke, England. pp. 32. Sims, R. R. (2002) Organizational Success through Effective Human Resources Management. Quorum Books: Westport, CT. Publication Year: pp. 107 Storey, J. (1992) Developments in the Management of Human Resources, Oxford: Blackwell. Thornhill, A., Lewis, P., Millmore, M. and Saunders, M. (2000) Managing Change: A Human Resource Strategy Approach, Harlow: Financial Times, Prentice Hall. Thornley, C. (2003) Labour market policy and inequality in the UK in Industrial and Labour Market Policy and Performance: Issues and Perspectives (eds) Cofey, D and Thornley, C., Routledge: New York. pp. 83

Career Essay -- Essays Papers

Career Essay Sport Management For the longest time I could not decide on a major and a career to study throughout college. When I came to Georgia Southern University I discovered that they had a major that was very interesting to me. Sport Management id the ideal major for my interest and me. Since I love sports I figured that this would be the career for me. A degree in Sport Management helps to prepare for success in sport related occupations. The job market varies in the field of sport management. Some occupational opportunities include: athletic trainer, coach, sports official, Sports agent, camp director, sporting goods sales/dealer, pro scout, athletic director, sport promoter. The list can go on of the opportunities in this career. Mostly anything sport related in today'...

Holistic Medicine :: essays papers

Holistic Medicine Millions of people around the world are living with pain that could be prevented with the use of alternative therapies. As a result many of these people use harmful or ineffective drugs and surgeries in an attempt to cure their ailments. With a steady schedule of massage therapy, acupuncture, and healthy foods, people can lead a healthy and invigorating life without drugs or surgery. During the time of the ancient Roman gladiators, massage therapy was used to treat everything from headaches to sports injures on them. Today massage therapy is widely recognized as a sensible alternative to traditional medicine, in that it relieves pain and soreness otherwise helped by taking pills or other medicines. Massage can help everyone, including premature infants according to USA Weekend, "premature infants who get regular massages in the hospital gain more weight and leave the hospital sooner then unmassaged babies"(McNichol,22). I firmly believe that massage therapy is one of the best preventative measures that a person can take to avoid most medical problems involved with aging, physical exertion, and the stress of everyday life. Some doctors agree by saying, "If you have a massage every week, you will have 2/3 less illness" (H. Gruenn, M.D.). There are many different types of massage therapy including relaxing Swedish massage for relieving stress, sports massage for treating sports related injuries, and therapeutic massage to name a few. Relaxing Swedish massage is one of the most effective ways to deal with that invisible killer, stress. By applying smooth gentle stokes or other non-invasive massage techniques, the Swedish massage practitioner can relieve the client of the every day stresses of life that can be fatal if not dealt with. In sports massage, the use of more advanced massage techniques can relieve athletes of lactic acid and other wastes that accumulate in the muscles due to exertion. Other therapeutic massage techniques such as Neuromuscular, Myofascal, and Lymphatic drainage can aid in the recovery of injured clients. Another form of alternative therapy is the ancient Chinese healing art of acupuncture. Acupuncture was first experimented within the First Imperial Medical College of China during the Sui Dynasty in 589 AD. "In Chinese medicine, and therefore in acupuncture, health is determined by a persons ability to maintain a balanced and harmonious internal environment."(Mills pg. 8). This theory of internal harmony is expressed through the principles of Ying and Yang and it's five separate phases: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. Internal harmony is also based on the uninterrupted flow of the "Qi", or vitality. The Qi is responsible for all Holistic Medicine :: essays papers Holistic Medicine Millions of people around the world are living with pain that could be prevented with the use of alternative therapies. As a result many of these people use harmful or ineffective drugs and surgeries in an attempt to cure their ailments. With a steady schedule of massage therapy, acupuncture, and healthy foods, people can lead a healthy and invigorating life without drugs or surgery. During the time of the ancient Roman gladiators, massage therapy was used to treat everything from headaches to sports injures on them. Today massage therapy is widely recognized as a sensible alternative to traditional medicine, in that it relieves pain and soreness otherwise helped by taking pills or other medicines. Massage can help everyone, including premature infants according to USA Weekend, "premature infants who get regular massages in the hospital gain more weight and leave the hospital sooner then unmassaged babies"(McNichol,22). I firmly believe that massage therapy is one of the best preventative measures that a person can take to avoid most medical problems involved with aging, physical exertion, and the stress of everyday life. Some doctors agree by saying, "If you have a massage every week, you will have 2/3 less illness" (H. Gruenn, M.D.). There are many different types of massage therapy including relaxing Swedish massage for relieving stress, sports massage for treating sports related injuries, and therapeutic massage to name a few. Relaxing Swedish massage is one of the most effective ways to deal with that invisible killer, stress. By applying smooth gentle stokes or other non-invasive massage techniques, the Swedish massage practitioner can relieve the client of the every day stresses of life that can be fatal if not dealt with. In sports massage, the use of more advanced massage techniques can relieve athletes of lactic acid and other wastes that accumulate in the muscles due to exertion. Other therapeutic massage techniques such as Neuromuscular, Myofascal, and Lymphatic drainage can aid in the recovery of injured clients. Another form of alternative therapy is the ancient Chinese healing art of acupuncture. Acupuncture was first experimented within the First Imperial Medical College of China during the Sui Dynasty in 589 AD. "In Chinese medicine, and therefore in acupuncture, health is determined by a persons ability to maintain a balanced and harmonious internal environment."(Mills pg. 8). This theory of internal harmony is expressed through the principles of Ying and Yang and it's five separate phases: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. Internal harmony is also based on the uninterrupted flow of the "Qi", or vitality. The Qi is responsible for all

Curley in Of Mice and Men Essay

Curley is the son of the ranch boss. He is portrayed as a small, semi-privileged man with a very short temper and something of an inferiority complex. He is always itching for a scuffle and is constantly seeking the opportunity to prove himself on the ranch among other bigger, â€Å"better† men. From the moment we are introduced to Curley we discover this, due to the way in which he acts when he meets George and Lennie, â€Å"His eyes passed over the new men and he stopped. He glanced coldly at George and then at Lennie. His arms gradually bent at the elbows and his hands closed into fists. He stiffened and went into a slight crouch. † This illustrates that he is not mentally secure about himself, and quickly goes into a poised posture as if he is willing to lash out on the two new men to prove his manliness and authority. After a deliberately elongated stare down, Curley speaks but in short menacing sentences. â€Å"You the new guys the old man was waitin’ for? And when George is the only one to reply he quickly retorts in a provocative manner â€Å"Let the big guy talk† Once again this justifies the fact that Curley is insecure and is always trying to prove himself as the alpha male on the ranch, so he tries doing so by badmouthing Lennie as he feels that by doing so he will be regarded as strong, manly and valiant. When Lennie refuses to speak the situation hastily increase due to Curley’s short temper. Unlike most other characters in the story Curley is probably the only one that does not develop much over the course of the book but he stands out as a character with whom the author simply does not sympathize. While everyone else is struggling, Curley’s busy picking fights and trying to throw his weight around his dad’s ranch. He seems outside of the economic struggle and even the personal struggle of the Depression. Curley’s the kind of jerk you need in contrast to the other characters, so he maintains this â€Å"bad† reputation with the reader from the beginning right to the end. The next encounter with Curley is in chapter 3 when all the men are in the bunkhouse. Curley is clearly frustrated and agitated by the fact that he can’t find his wife, a sign of weakness and lack of authority, and when he is told that Slim is at the barn he rushes out and starts interrogating him but when Slim shows that he is in control, Curley’s fake ego is quickly shattered and it is obvious that he is quickly forced back into his place. â€Å"Well, I didn’t mean nothing, Slim. I just ast you. † But Curley being the short fused jerk hat he is could not just leave it there and in a matter of seconds he is all up on Lennie punching him in the face. He did this because he evidently lost the argument with Slim and knowing Lennie’s friendly, unaggressive nature finds him the best solution to blow of some steam, as well as prove his dominance by overpowering a huge, defenseless man. But once Lennie retaliates and breaks Curley’s puny hand he finally realizes that he has lost twice and he should just leave it there. Our final encounter with Curley is when his wife is killed by Lennie. It is apparent that he does not care about the death of his wife and is simply too absorbed into his own world were only he and his reputation matter. â€Å"Curley- maybe you better stay here with your wife† â€Å"I’m goin, I’m gonna shoot the guts out of the big bastard myself† This shows that the death of his wife is not very significant, but gaining fame and revenge by shooting the man that killed her would seem far more favorable, it would certainly be more manly than staying back and weeping over a dead female.

Palfinger Ag Case Study

Palfinger’s AG – Property, Plant, and Equipment a. ) Palfinger’s property would include the property that they have to store the forklifts and other large inventory that they have on. The equipment would include all equipment that is necessary to make the inventory that they sell such as the cranes. b. ) This number represents the total of the plant, property, and equipment that Palfinger has. This number should be recorded as the historical cost that the plant, property and equipment was purchased at.This total number also has the total sum of amortized depreciation subtracted out to get the net amount of PP&E that is put on the balance sheet c. ) In the notes to the financial statements, Palfinger reports the plant, property and equipment of the following: †¢ Land and equipment †¢ Undeveloped buildings and investments †¢ Plant and machinery †¢ Other plant, fixtures, fittings, and equipment †¢ Payments and assets under construction d. â €Å"Prepayments and assets under construction† represents expenses that have prepaid for and assets that haven’t been finished yet. Because the assets aren’t completed and haven’t been used, they aren’t being depreciated. The reclassification comes from allocation of depreciation from the newly completed projects that now have been put to use. e. ) Palfinger depreciates its property and equipment by using straight-line depreciation over the prospective useful lives of the relevant assets.They allocate 8-50 years on buildings, 3-15 years on plant and machinery, and 3-10 years on fixtures, fittings, and equipment. This policy does not seem reasonable because there is a short 8-year building useful life. Because of this, Palfinger’s ROA and EPS ratios are heavily impacted. f. You can both depreciate replacements investments, and value enhancing investments that are capitalized and depreciated over the new useful life or original useful life.The alternative method to this would be to just expense out the costs of renovations or value enhancing investments. This way it is completely hit on the income statement, and is not shown on the balance sheet. g. ) i. According to the notes to the consolidated financial statements, Palinger bought $61,444 worth of new PPE in 2007. ii. There was a change of ($733) concerning government grants. According to IAS 20 government grants for property, plant, and equipment are presented as reductions of the acquisition and/or manufacturing costs.When these are deducted from the account, it lessens the amount depreciated during the life of the acquired assets. iii. Depreciation expense for 2007 was $12,557. iv. Net book value of total disposed PPE, was $1,501 (Derived from $13,799 – $12,298) h. ) To derive the gain or loss Palfinger incurred, we compute their proceeds from the sale of PPE $1,655 and subtract it from $1,501 (net book value). This gives us a total gain of $154. i. ) i. Str aight Line |Year |Beg |Dep. Exp |Accum Dep. Ending Bal | |1 |$10,673 |$1,880 |$1,880 |$8,793 | |2 |8,793 |1,880 |3,760 |6,913 | |3 |6,913 |1,880 |5,640 |5,033 | |4 |5,033 |1,880 |7,520 |3,153 | |5 |3,153 |1,880 |9,400 |1,273 | ii. Double- declining- balance depreciation Year |Beg |Dep. Exp. |Accum Dep. |Ending Bal | |1 |$10,673 |$4,269 |$4,269 |$6,404 | |2 |6,404 |2,562 |6,831 |3,842 | |3 |3,842 |1,537 |8,368 |2,305 | |4 |2,305 |922 |9,290 |1,383 | |5 |1,383 |110 |9,400 |1,273 | . ) i. Net book value at end of year 1 is $8,793. Less what you received on the sale $7,500. Gives you a disposal loss of $1,293 using the straight-line method of depreciation. You then add the disposal loss from the previous years depreciation $1,880, which results in a total income statement impact of $3,173. ii. Using double- declining method, the first year ending balance of $6,404 is subtracted form the proceeds of the sale netting in a gain of $1,096 on the disposal.Once this is subtracted form the pre vious years depreciation $4,269, you get a total income statement impact of $3,173. iii. The total income statement impact is exactly the same. The computations turn out to be identical because it is essentially a backwards way of computing the initial cost of the asset of $10,673, minus the proceeds from the sale $7,500, which both gives you $3,173. The difference between the two is perception. One reports a gain on disposals, while the other reports a loss. k. ) | Palfinger |Palfinger |Caterpillar |Caterpillar | | |2007 |2006 |2007 |2006 | |Net PPE |149,990 |98,130 |9,997 |8,851 | |Total Assets |528,314 |409,366 |56,132 |51,449 | |Common Size |28. 4% |24% |17. % |17. 2% | |Dep |12,557 |9,980 |1,797 |1,602 | |Sales/Rev |695,623 |585,205 |41,962 |38,869 | |Common Size |1. 8% |1. 7% |4. 3% |4. 1% | This table shows that Palfinger has much more assets involved in PPE at 28. 4%, than does Caterpillar 17. 8%. l. ) |Palfinger |Palfinger |Caterpillar |Caterpillar | | |2007 |2006 |2007 |20 06 | |Sales or Rev |695,623 |585,205 |41,962 |38,869 | |Avg. PPE |124,060 |94,091 |9,424 |8,420 | |PPE turnover |5. 61 |6. 22 |4. 45 |4. 2 | Turnover went down about 11% (5. 61/6. 22) for Palfinger, we also see the despite being less effective they’re still more efficient then Caterpillar by about 26% (5. 61/4. 45) in regards to PPE sales for every dollar spent. m. ) Depreciation, Amortization & Impairment expense1,960 Accumulated Depreciation & Impairment1,960 n. ) i. Due to the companies building location concept ii. Accumulated depreciation impairment1,755 Depreciation, Amortization, & impairment expense1,755 The credit is posted to an account the company has called revaluation reserve, if it is the initial write up. iii. |2007 | |Net Sales | $695,623 | |Avg. PPE Adjusted |124,060 – (1,755 x 0. 5) = 123,183 | |Turnover Adjusted | 5. 65 | The ratio has changed 5. 61 to 5. 65, which is not a very significant difference. Recalculating the impact of the write offâ€⠄¢s compared to the total net PPE is considered a minimal change for the company.

Computer Science

What are the advantages of using internet? The advantages of using internet are they made our research easier like having some research on your investigatory project. It can also teach us some techniques Like solving the algebraic equations. We can also have faster communication with our love ones with the use of social networking sites Just like, backbone. Skips, twitter, etc. We can also download here some videos, songs and pictures that we want to download, some sort of entertainment. We can also buy here the things we want to have. 2. List some disadvantages of using Internet.Sometimes when downloading some files, you must be careful on It because It sends virus to the computer that may affect the other files In the computer or worst It damages the process of the computer because some sites are having virus. In internet, you can also see some inappropriate contents like porno. We could also plagiarism or steals someone's work, plagiarism. Some users are s sending some unwanted e- mails that could obstruct the computer, spamming. 3. How will you secure yourself from cyber bullying? We can avoid cyber bullying by not replying on someone's if he/she chat on you.We must also choose an appropriate email-address or surname in order that no one could identify your gender, your age and your occupation. Do not make your profile available in the public. Your profile must be known by the people you trust in order that you can avoid some spamming. 4. In your own way, how can you help improve the use of internet? I could help improve the use of internet by deleting/ locking some inappropriate contents. Also by warning to those who spam messages. Lastly, by making the research much easier by Just typing keywords on your research.

Traditions of Scapegoating Found in

Cresia Reese English 1020 Prof Sparks Traditions of scapegoating found in â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas† and â€Å"The Lottery† The various cultures that exist in the United States all have different ways to scapegoat a variety of people and cultures in society today; as depeicted in the fiction stories â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas† by Ursula K. Le Guin.In â€Å"The Lottery,† is a story about a community that has passed down a tradition of death by stoning for many years, this person would become the scapegoat of the community. In the story â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas†a community has a hidden secret which involves the captivity of one person who has to live a life of despair in order for a community to thrive. In comparing both stories to life as we know it today, we have found that there are traditions which have been passed down in our communities and eventually l ead to a person to become the scapegoat of the community.How do our various cultures today allow passed traditions to use individuals as scapegoats just like we find in our fictions stories? The word scapegoat means, a person or group made to bear the blame for others or to suffer in their place. The idea of a scapegoat applies to both stories in the same manner, a person is used as a scapegoat to uphold there communities. Both stories use traditions of there past ancestral history to use a person as a scapegoat to carry on the behaviors that were passed down to them via traditions.Shirley Jackson was an author who used a perfect example of scapegoat in her stories. â€Å"The Lottery† brings us to the scapegoat aspect of this story you see that the traditions in the community allows for another scapegoat victim every year, they are stoned to death in a symbolic process. Ursula K. Le Guin also used a scapegoat the hidden person to hold up a community and keep it from the dange rs of the outside world. These traditions were passed down by the ancestors of the people who currently live in this place. Also in â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away rom Omelas† there are several people who have chosen to walk away from the hidden secret that was revealed to them and they did not wish to remain in that community any more. The hidden secret was symbolic as a scapegoat because without this person this community would have failed based on passed traditions. To compare the traditions of stoning a person to death and hiding a person to up hold a community are both forms of scapegoat. The scapegoat matters in both the stories and show that as human beings that we believe in history and certain traditions in our communities.Also people and things are used as scapegoats as passed down by traditions and as a symbolic way to forge ahead in life, so they do not hinder there communities. Why should the people in our communities not follow along with the traditions of the past ? Because we feel that these traditions followed by our ancestors did not prove to be right and they should not be followed in the current times. When you think about the story â€Å"The Lottery† you have been thrown a curve ball, most people think about a lottery used in our current day and age where you have a slim chance of winning something good like prizes or money.We soon come to find out that a lottery in this story is all a sham; â€Å"At mid morning on a late June day a peaceful village crowd gathers on the square for the annual lottery. The procedures have been handed down over generations with little change. While in the harmless process of drawing lots the villagers reveal their excitement. Suddenly, when the winner is selected, the innocent game turns out to be a horrifying sacrifice: the winner is stoned to death for the welfare of the community. Such is the limited picture that could be given of Shirley Jackson’s ‘The Lottery’. (Schaub 1) A s we find out in this story there is another thing that also stands out in this story and that would be the black box in this story. In the story the black box is used as a way to single out one person to be the winner of the said lottery. The black box is a symbol in the story of the way to reduce the size of a community. This is why they held the lottery each year they would bring all the families together in the square and have them to pull a slip of paper from the box and eventually at the end of the gathering one of the residence in this community would lose there life.We can see that scapegoats are recognized in both objects and actions as we find in both stories â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas†. In â€Å"The Lottery† the pulling of a name from a black a black wooden box and then there was the death of one person at the end by being hit with stones. The character (Tessie Hutchinson) was one who was always ready to be the one to throw the stones, but when it came time for her to be the on being hit by the stones she felt that it was not fair and or right. â€Å"It isn’t fair’ she said. A stone hit her on the side of the head† (Jackson 218).You have (Tessie Hutchinson) who was very excited every year to be a part of the traditional lottery process and when it came time for her to be stoned she was the scapegoat in the traditional process. Then we move on to â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas† where there are several characters: one (the child) who was forced to be the scapegoat, and al the ones who walked away from the community (many people). They all chose to be free from the scapegoat act of holding this child to support the community which was free of all major problems that many communities face today.The issues today in different cultures, religions, and stories using people and things as scapegoats to uphold current and traditional believes. Moving forward to comp are the scapegoats used in both stories to show how our traditions, which are passed down still eventually lead to people to being used as scapegoats in our communities today. â€Å"So that the lottery is to be understood as a modern representation of the primitive annual scapegoat rite† (Schaub 1). This information hits the nail on the head as the lottery process is a primitive act that we are not sure why this was even being done and it was never explained.In today’s society there are still several groups (cults, religious groups, & clubs/organizations) that are secluded from most communities and societies today. We know some of these groups have different rituals and rules as to who and how you are allowed to become involved. These rituals most times come from traditions which were taught by the ancestors of the leaders or promoters of said cults and groups. The definition of a cult is listed as Sociology: A group having a sacred ideology and a set of rites centerin g around their sacred symbols or ideas.

Business Models and Technological Innovation Management

The business model helps the company to satisfy the needs and look after the problems of the customer with respect to the product of the company. It helps the company to gain value in the market. The performance, design, price etc. are few of the characteristics that the company needs to keep in mind before launching the product in the market. The model helps to segment the market according to the customers that the company targets with the help of different channels to make the product available in the market. The cost of the product helps the company to build a relationship with the consumers that help the brand to gain access in the market (Baden-Fuller & Haefliger, 2013). The final building block illustrates the cost of delivering the value proposition that includes the resources required as well as major activities involved. The critical components of business model have been validated. On the other hand, the purpose of partnership is to make sure that the commodities offer the appeal to the target market. Certain business models necessitate the involvement of several stakeholders in order to make sense. In today’s lecture, the process that deals with the clarification involves the major assumption that underpin business model. It is required to check every response in the building model canvas against several criteria that involves the fact that how an individual knows what he has written in each building block is correct. For example, the business model of Ryanair involves high volume passenger as compared to the business model of South American market (DaSilva & Trkman, 2014). Baden-Fuller, C., & Haefliger, S. (2013). Business models and technological innovation.  Long range planning,  46(6), 419-426. DaSilva, C. M., & Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: What it is and what it is not.  Long range planning,  47(6), 379-389. Looking for an answer 'who will do my essay for cheap',

Object oriented development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Object oriented development - Essay Example It is an easier way to keep track of program flow and much organized than the traditional "spaghetti codes" produced by unstructured programming methods. In 70's, a new programming technique began to gain popularity as a "top-down" approach to program design. This is a technique where a program designer maps out large-scale structure of a program and breaks them into smaller operations. These smaller operations will be tested or debug separately and connect them together into the entire program. Structured programming facilitates easy understanding of smaller pieces of code without having to understand the whole program at once. By the end of the 20th century, mainstream programmers realized the significance and value of structured approach began to apply the concept in high-level programming languages. In the middle of the 1980's, another concept in program development made its way to become the dominant programming methodology. Mainly influenced by C++ and the popularity of GUI (Graphical User Interface), Object-oriented programming became the most sought after programming method to date. The objective behind object-oriented programming is to view computer programs as a collection of individual units or objects that is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to each other. This is different from the belief and practice that a program is just a compilation of functions and procedures or a list of commands for a computer to follow. Object-oriented programming is broadly accepted in large-scale software development. It is adaptable, easy to learn, simpler to develop and maintain, and easier to manage. The fundamental concepts of OOP (short for object oriented programming) are class, object, encapsulation, inheritance, abstraction, and polymorphism. Class is a unit of data and function for a particular thing. For instance, a "class of students" might be a set, which include different type of students (male, female, black, white etc.). An Object is an occurrence of a class, a run-time demonstration of a specific pattern of a class. For instance, the gender "male" and "female" as a subclass and "Alfred" the student as an object in the class of students. Encapsulation is a type of privacy to ensure that an object can be change only through established channels within a class. It simply means packaging the data and related functions into one unified unit, a class. Inheritance- is a mechanism for creating subclasses; it provides a way to define a subclass or an extension of a universal class. For instance, as students, class is a subclass of year level class and gender of student in a class is a subclass of the class students. An Abstraction is the ability of a program to disregard the details of an object's class or subclass and si mplify it into a more suitable general level. For instance, "Alfred" the students may be abstracted to a more generic level as year level super class. Polymorphism is a varying behaviour depending on the class in which the behaviour is call upon to act. This is to say that two or more classes can answer independently and in an entirely different way to an identical message. THE EVOLUTION OF OBJECT-ORIENTED PHP Not too many people know that PHP, the popular and powerful web base scripting language, coined in the summer

Love Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love Juvenile Justice - Essay Example A juvenile who believes that â€Å"the system† has treated him or her unfairly may be less defensive if tried by an objective jury (Elrod and Ryder, 2011, pg. 127). This is to say, a perception of fair treatment may go a long way towards fostering acceptance of responsibility on the part of the juvenile. Thirdly, unlike in adult courts, the jurors in the juvenile systems are not peers of those on trials. In some instances, the juvenile may benefit from this fact, because the adults on the jury may remember their own youthful mistakes and indiscretions and feel sympathy (Elrod and Ryder, 2011, pg. 127). If they are parents, jurors also may realize that, under other circumstances, one of their children could be at the defence table. This in as much as may lead to the inclusion of emotions into the final judgement, it eats into the very consciousness of humanity which a jury is supposed to represent. Finally, Rosenberg (2008) noted that judges generally give a guilty verdict about 25 per cent more often than juries do. This discrepancy is something requiring a level of concern. The American bar association agrees with this finding and concludes that this could as a result of bias from the part of the judges. However, in as much as a trial by the jury is beneficial to the parties involved in any case, but especially the defendant, it also does have some limitations. Jury trials in juvenile proceedings may result to a backlog of cases and hamper the functioning of the juvenile court. Experience has shown that such trials seriously impede the juvenile justice process (Elrod and Ryder, 2011, pg. 126). Another central issue concerning jury trials for juveniles is the fact that these youth are not tried by a jury of their peers, but a jury of adults. A jury of one’s peers is based on two premises: that the jury be made up of members from the defendants’ community and that the defendant is entitled to an impartial jury (Roesch, Corrado and Dempster, 2001, pg. 53).

Plant biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plant biology - Essay Example HGT is observed mainly between prokaryotes (single-celled organisms) like bacteria but also can be in Eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, animals, humans) to a lesser extent. HGT was first described by Ochiai et al. in 1959, in relation to transfer of antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species. Thereafter many scientists have studied and discussed about this phenomenon and now it is accepted that HGT is not a rare event and what is present in the biological world today is not a result of vertical gene transmission alone but also of HGT. Biological kingdom of earth can be categorized into three domains as bacteria, archea and eukaryotes. During vertical gene transmission, genetic information exchange between members of these domains is restricted to closely-related organisms with homologous DNA sequences. Therefore the ancestry of an organism could be traced back by analyzing their DNA and individuals with similar gene sequences can be grouped together to construct the evolutionary pathway. However, as HGT can transfer genes across wide phylogenetic distances, this picture become obscure. The phylogenetic tree of life (Figure 1) which present the relationship among different biological taxa is thus complicated by HGT as numerous interconnecting branches became obvious due to the presence of homologous DNA sequences in distantly-related organisms (Simonson et al.). Transfer of genes between different biological kingdoms, such as between eucaryotes and bacteria, or between bacteria and insects are some extreme cases of gene exchange between wide phylogenetic distances. An example is the presence of bacterial 'rol' genes from Agrobacterium species in tobacco (Nicotiniana) plants (Intrieri and Buiatti). Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of life as proposed by Carl Woese In vertical gene transmission, genetic variability of a species mainly arises during meiosis by recombination of genes. According to Mendal’s law of inheritance, alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation and thereby produce novel gene combinations which in turn generate variability. Mutations, which are the random changes of gene sequence of a DNA strand, are considered as an error in the vertical gene transmission process. It can happen as a point mutation, chromosomal duplication, breaking and rearrangement of chromosomes and addition or deletion of chromosomes. When such mutant is passed down to the next generation, it is not a mutant anymore, but a variant or a novel type. The variants who survive according to Darwin’s theory of â€Å"survival of the fittest†, subsequently pass the novel characters to their offspring by sexual or asexual reproduction. HGT however, is not a mutation and is not involved in gamete formation or sexual reproduction. It moves transposable elements between distantly-related or unrelated genomes and thereby intervenes in the process of evolution by originating different cell types and cre ating variants in its own way. Two hypotheses are presented here as ‘Continual horizontal transfer hypothesis’ and ‘Early massive horizontal transfer hypothesis.’ (Jain, Rivera and Lake). According to the ‘Continual horizontal transfer hypothesis’, HGT is a continuous process during prokaryotic evolution whereas in the ‘Early massive horizontal transfer hypothesis’, a massive exchange of a few operational genes (genes involved in

Court Administrator and his Problems in Organization Problems Essay - 1

Court Administrator and his Problems in Organization Problems - Essay Example Thus, I would suggest that there be a secret balloting to identify the decisions of the judges on certain matters then, a decision can be reached. One way to improve the communication throughout the organization is first identifying what type of communication does the organization need and prefer. There should also be activities that would be able to help the employees to release their stress. There are several activities that can be done, like, sports events. There can also be a welcome party for the incoming judge and a farewell for the outgoing. This can promote camaraderie among employees. I can solicit suggestions and ideas from Judge Cortez on what she thinks regarding the disputes among the employees. These are valuable insights that might be able to provide the court administrator with an initiative on how to solve the problems. For Judge Cortez’ successor, these proposals can be made so that s/he would be able to start or continue the reconciliation efforts among the offices of the court. 1. In a general way, discuss both the merits and difficulties posed by this case management approach. Relate your response to the general advantages and disadvantages of both the individual and the master calendar systems. One of the greatest advantages of the individual calendar system is that it is easier to pin down delay. One can easily match up to judges’ dockets to find out what are the developments of the cases, whether it is moving or not. On the other hand, the master calendar systems’ highlight is that judges who specialize in a specific phase of the proceedings can be allowed to handle such. Although both systems also carry disadvantages like for the individual calendar system the speed of the disposition of cases depends on the judges. For the master calendar system, the disadvantage lies in the lack of the way to see where the delay is.  

What an Amazing person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What an Amazing person - Essay Example He was chubby, middle aged; and he was wearing a green jacket and dirty pants. What I couldnt stand most was the stink of beer emanating from his mouth, as well as from the opened jar that he was holding. Although consuming beer in public places is illegal, he was in no condition to care about such things. He was so drunk that he couldn’t control his steps when he boarded the light rail. I felt unfortunate, when, of all the empty seats he could have chosen, he chose the one next to me. Having been brought into proximity this way, he immediately started talking to me. I felt awkward and embarrassed about the situation, especially with other passengers glancing at us curiously. I soon realized that I have no option but to put up with him. He talked about his life, and said â€Å"I was a millionaire, but I lost everything now, including my house. He continued â€Å"but I will never give up until I get all that is mine.† I was surprised with his clarity of thought even in such an inebriated state. But at the same time I did not take all his words for facts. He talked about how his chronic illness led to one surgery after another, until he lost all of his wealth. He spoke very emotionally about how he will fight on in life despite presently being in an unfortunate condition. Seeing that I was skeptical about his story, he prompted me ask him questions. He told me that he would answer any question I ask. Just to divert focus from his difficult personal life, I started talking about different countries. Qatar came into the discussion as it is my home country. He then amazed me with his knowledge about the country. He listed Qatars recent foreign policies and how it has improved in the last 15 years. He also mentioned Sheik Hamad, the president of Qatar; and Hamad Bin Jassim, the minister of foreign affairs of Qatar and how great were they in the political world. When he said that Qatar might be

Using your research skills, you are required to conduct some research Assignment

Using your research skills, you are required to conduct some research into the employment prospects for UK graduates - Assignment Example aper will also examine the performance of the UK graduates in the past three to five years then investigate the changes and the trends that have been developing in the years. Lastly, the paper will evaluate if the benefits of obtaining a degree exceed the costs. The roles of the graduates have been changing over the years especially with the changing nature of the labour market. As seen in the research conducted by Purcell & Elias (2004), graduates in the UK today do a wide range of jobs as opposed to graduates in the past. This fact results from the changes that have been brought about by restructuring of the economy, changes in technology and the increase in the demand for skilled persons to fit in the labour industry (Purcell & Elias, 2004). The supply of labour in the UK is, therefore, changing, and the graduates have no option but to offer services that are required in the labour industry. The employment performance of the UK graduates as Purcell & Elias (2004) indicate is exemplary as the graduates have been said to work in jobs that were related to their long term careers. Since most jobs in the UK require a degree, the respondents in the research of Purcell & Elias (2004) indicated that they were satisfied with their career development. In terms of remuneration, the UK graduates have indicated a considerably good pay since employers have been indicated to pay higher premiums to degree holders as opposed to other employees. With the public sector employing a higher number of graduates than the private sector, the UK graduates are happy with their performance since their skills are required in their present employments; thus, most feel that they are well utilised (Purcell & Elias, 2004). Simply put, the UK graduates may be indicated to be satisfied with their present jobs and also reported higher levels of satisfaction in the manner in which their career was developing. Through an assessment of the graduates’ work, it is easy to assess the worth of the

Vanishing (Disappearing) Middle Class in U.S.A Essay

Vanishing (Disappearing) Middle Class in U.S.A - Essay Example According to the research, the shift is being attributed to a fall in wages and job market that is slowly weakening. In a new report that was published by Autor (2010), the work force in the U.S.A is rapidly splitting into two main categories, the high paying jobs and the corresponding low paying jobs. In this regard, it can be noticed that demographics about the middle income earners is missing. The effect of the disappearing middle class is taking a toll on America’s young men who are turning out to be potential employees. This situation simply means that irrespective of the field which they would want to join, they have to increase their educational levels to secure employment chances. Having high school qualification alone may not be enough to warrant a good job unlike in the past. Despite of the many disadvantages that have been associated with this trend, there is a group of people who seem to have benefited. Advanced degree holders have been having gains in the job opportunities available. This is just for the fact that job opportunities have remained a preserve of the highly educated or the low class. For this reason, the few that have gained employment in this season have benefitted from the better remunerations associated with the jobs (Wessel, 2011). One of the key culprits for this alarming development is technology. It has been witnessed that knowledge and skills exhibited by the middle class group are fast becoming irrelevant or obsolete with respect to industry needs. The introduction of computer and robot technology has meant that clerical works in companies and assembly line productions can be done by few people who have the required knowledge to run the machines (Price, 2010). Introduction of computer technology has led to a sharp reduction in the amount of human capital in companies. The jobs that have been left available are only those requiring low education, something that has led to an increase in the low

Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action Essay Example for Free

Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action Essay Affirmative action Introduction                   Affirmative action is a policy that is aimed at providing positive measures to remedy effects of past discrimination against members of certain groups (Clayton Crosby 1992, p.2). One of the areas that suffer underrepresentation of the diverse, underrepresented individuals and minority group in colleges is the laws schools and subsequently in the legal profession. The questioned posed is â€Å"Is affirmative action the best solution to alleviating this crisis or is it the major cause together with other practices that have contributed to these underrepresentation?                   First of all is the admission procedure. Admission selection considers those with a bachelor’s degree for an accredited university or college. Few underrepresented minority students are able to attend college and obtain the relevant qualifications. Moreover, there are disparities in number of applicants and the number who get enrolled. For example in 2000, 74500 individuals submitted their application to ABA- approved school and an estimate of 67% of the total were admitted (ABA/ LSAC Pre-Conference Report, 2005, p, 4). This illustrates a flaw in the acceptance procedure that focus on higher merit in which its well document trend that underrepresented minorities score less on the Law Schools Admission Test (LSAT).                   Secondly the individual state bar exams are a severe impediment. â€Å"While the LSAT remains a reliable predictor of success in law school and the Law School Admission Council (makers of the LSAT), warn against over-reliance on numerical qualifiers alone† (ABA/ LSAC Pre-Conference Report, 2005, p, 5). Raised cut off points detriment the minorities who are disproportionately at the bottom in addition the bars are also misapplied. The percentage of residents in a state should have a proportionate percentage at the law school. The lack of a national bar does also contribute to this issue.                   The above two examples illustrate why affirmative action is needed in leveling admissions. Higher merit and higher cut off points are serving to lock out minority groups from accessing law education. In coming up with a criteria for selection, the selection board should put into consideration performance of minority groups which is at the lower end of the spectrum.                   Terry Eastland suggests that affirmative action promotes discrimination. He argues that there is nothing like positive or negative discrimination. In Higher education for example, when the institution sets a lower grade for color students, the act in itself creates discrimination. These groups of students who will be enrolled under affirmative action are well aware that they are in that position due to their race. It is a negative experience that is not easy to erase. Sometimes attitudes from the majority students will affect the students from the minority. The majority students may not look at the minority as equals.                   Affirmative action leads to stigma. Eastland says that very few people are aware of the abilities and potential of the marginalized groups. In this case they are likely to be less respected and less valued. This can end up psychologically affecting these groups and it can be worsened if they fail to perform. Terry end believes that an environment should an equal working basis. If students have to be enrolled for higher education, it should be based on merit and not race. This will create an equal working environment of mutual relationship.                   Furthermore, Eastland equates ‘Affirmative action’ to ‘lower standards’. The rationale of having a policy that sets asides positions after a normal criterion creates a barrier between quality and less quality. By having this policy, institutions are accepting that results posted from minority groups are of lesser quality and lesser magnitude to that from the majority. Policy makers argue that the minority are affected by certain factors that make them not to equal results of the majority. It then beats logic that it would be easier resolving factors that make minority perform lesser than providing a criterion that guarantee certain results.                   Terry Eastland comments and views in regard to affirmative action tend to disapprove use of affirmative action against underrepresentation based on color. His views do not factor underrepresentation due to gender. However the logic behind his reasons and those of other scholars can equally be equated to affirmative action on gender and sex segregation                   Gender affirmative actions have shown to improve the status of women in the society. In fact advocates for gender affirmative actions have sprung from various women activists and organizations. Women have gained access to representations in legislative organs, various courses in colleges that stereotypically were set for men. However it is urged that continuous paying attention to a group of people will result in then differences becoming more salient than the commonalities among people (Clayton Crosby 1992, p.11). This statement thus emphasizes Terry Eastland’s arguments against affirmative action.                   To conclude, the benefits of affirmative action are actually visible. Moving forward however, the fundamental principles of affirmative action seem to have been overtaken with time. Putting into consideration Terry Eastland arguments in regard to affirmative action, the negatives of affirmative action outweigh the positives. Affirmative action has led to lower productivity, increased segregation and stigmatization. The call to end affirmative actions thus is justified. References Clayton, Susan D, and Faye J. Crosby. Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action. Ann Arbor, Mich: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1992. Print. Law Schools Admission Council. Pre Conference Report (2005) Collaborating to Expand the Pipeline. Retrieved from http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/op/pipelineconf/PipelinePostReport.authcheckdam.pdf Source document